{
 "id": "zimbabwe-2007-2009",
 "country": "Zimbabwe",
 "currency": "Zimbabwean Dollar",
 "periodStart": "2007",
 "periodEnd": "2009",
 "peakInflation": "79.6 billion %",
 "peakMonthlyPct": 79600000000.0,
 "peakMonth": "mid-November 2008",
 "doubling": "24.7 hours",
 "hkEpisode": "Mar 2007 – mid-Nov 2008",
 "currencyReform": "3, then 10, then 12 zeros removed",
 "cause": "Farm collapse, a deficit paid by the Reserve Bank",
 "resolution": "Currency abandoned for the US dollar and others (2009)",
 "url": "https://hyperinflation.rogzy.org/zimbabwe-2007-2009/",
 "summary": "A farm-export economy whose output collapsed after the seizure of commercial farms, governed by a state that financed itself — and its war in the Congo — through its central bank. Prices peaked in mid-November 2008, rising 79.6 billion % (7.96 × 10¹⁰ %) in one month and doubling every 24.7 hours (H&K, implied from the parallel rate). Twenty-five zeros were cut in three redenominations; in April 2009 the country gave up its own currency and used the US dollar and the rand.",
 "timeline": [
  {
   "date": "2000",
   "event": "Fast-track land reform begins."
  },
  {
   "date": "Aug 2006",
   "event": "First redenomination, 3 zeros: the \"second dollar\" (ZWN)."
  },
  {
   "date": "Mar 2007",
   "event": "Monthly inflation crosses 50% (H&K start). Official 2007 annual rate 662,000%."
  },
  {
   "date": "Jul 2008",
   "event": "Last official CPI release."
  },
  {
   "date": "Jul/Aug 2008",
   "event": "Second redenomination, 10 zeros: the \"third dollar\" (ZWR)."
  },
  {
   "date": "mid-Nov 2008",
   "event": "Peak: 79.6 billion % in the month (H&K)."
  },
  {
   "date": "early 2009",
   "event": "The Z$100 trillion note."
  },
  {
   "date": "Feb 2009",
   "event": "Third redenomination, 12 zeros: the \"fourth dollar\" (ZWL)."
  },
  {
   "date": "Apr 2009",
   "event": "The Zimbabwe dollar is suspended; trade in US dollars, rand and others."
  }
 ],
 "banknotes": [
  {
   "label": "100 trillion dollars (Harare 2008)",
   "image": "https://hyperinflation.rogzy.org/assets/bills/web/100_Trillion_Zimbabwe.jpg"
  },
  {
   "label": "100 billion dollars, agro-cheque (1 Jul 2008)",
   "image": "https://hyperinflation.rogzy.org/assets/bills/web/100_Billion_Zimbabwe.jpg"
  },
  {
   "label": "50 trillion dollars (Harare 2008)",
   "image": "https://hyperinflation.rogzy.org/assets/bills/web/F2-12%2050_Trillions_ZWR.jpg"
  },
  {
   "label": "5 billion dollars, agro-cheque (15 May 2008)",
   "image": "https://hyperinflation.rogzy.org/assets/bills/web/F2-9%205_Billions_ZWN.jpg"
  },
  {
   "label": "500 million dollars (Harare 2008)",
   "image": "https://hyperinflation.rogzy.org/assets/bills/web/500_millions_zimbabwe.jpg"
  },
  {
   "label": "20,000 dollars, bearer cheque (1 Dec 2003)",
   "image": "https://hyperinflation.rogzy.org/assets/bills/web/F2-7%2020k_cheque_ZWD.jpg"
  },
  {
   "label": "2 dollars (Salisbury 1980)",
   "image": "https://hyperinflation.rogzy.org/assets/bills/web/F2-6%202_ZWD.jpg"
  },
  {
   "label": "1 dollar (Harare 2007)",
   "image": "https://hyperinflation.rogzy.org/assets/bills/web/F2-10%201_ZWR.jpg"
  },
  {
   "label": "50 cents, bearer cheque (1 Aug 2006)",
   "image": "https://hyperinflation.rogzy.org/assets/bills/web/F2-8%2050_cents_ZWN.jpg"
  }
 ],
 "exchangeRates": {
  "unit": "Zimbabwe dollars per 1 USD (approximate)",
  "approximate": true,
  "notes": "Peak 79.6 billion percent in mid-November 2008, prices doubling every 24.7 hours (Hanke & Krus). Zeros removed: 3 (2006), 10 (2008), 12 (2009); the currency was abandoned in April 2009. Approximate series, kept for its shape; individual points are not sourced one by one.",
  "sources": [
   "Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe",
   "Cato Institute - On the Measurement of Zimbabwe's Hyperinflation",
   "Hanke & Kwok (2009)"
  ],
  "points": [
   {
    "date": "2007-01",
    "rate": 30000
   },
   {
    "date": "2007-03",
    "rate": 120000
   },
   {
    "date": "2007-06",
    "rate": 350000
   },
   {
    "date": "2007-09",
    "rate": 750000
   },
   {
    "date": "2007-12",
    "rate": 2000000
   },
   {
    "date": "2008-01",
    "rate": 4500000
   },
   {
    "date": "2008-03",
    "rate": 25000000
   },
   {
    "date": "2008-05",
    "rate": 200000000
   },
   {
    "date": "2008-07",
    "rate": 10000000000
   },
   {
    "date": "2008-08",
    "rate": 100000000000
   },
   {
    "date": "2008-09",
    "rate": 1000000000000
   },
   {
    "date": "2008-10",
    "rate": 100000000000000
   },
   {
    "date": "2008-11",
    "rate": 2621984228000000000
   }
  ]
 },
 "sources": [
  "Hanke & Krus (2012), World Hyperinflations, Cato WP no. 8 — dates, peak, doubling time.",
  "Hanke, S. H. & Kwok, A. K. F.",
  "Wikipedia, \"Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe\" — redenominations, official rates, abandonment"
 ],
 "licence": "Text and data: MIT (c) 2026 Rogzy. Banknote images (c) David St-Onge, not covered by the MIT licence."
}